A Single-group, Clinical Interventional Study on the Effect of Iron Deficiency Anemia on Blood Glucose and Insulin Resistance in Women with Type II Diabetes.

AIMS: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the disorders recently associated with an increase in insulin resistance (IR) and, consequently, diabetes mellitus (DM) affection by causing oxidative stress. In this study, we look at how IDA may contribute to developing type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), controlling diabetes, and reducing IR in women with T2DM. METHODS: In this single group, clinical interventional study, we enrolled 40 women with T2DM and IDA. Before and after intervention with ferrous sulfate tablets, their blood glucose (BG) levels and IR levels were evaluated. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qom University of Medical Sciences (ethics code: IR.MUQ.REC.1397.031) and registered at the Iranian Center for Clinical Trials (No. IRCT20170215032587N3). A significant level was considered p <0.05. RESULT: The mean age of patients was 48.18 ± 4.6 years, with 5.3-5.8 years duration of T2DM. After the intervention, the mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) level reached 198.53 ± 48.11 to 170.93 ± 37.41, which was significant (p <0.0001). Also, hemoglobin A1C level reached from 8.49 ± 0.9 to 7.96 ± 0.58, which was significant (p <0.0001). Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) demonstrating a significant reduction of IR levels after intervention with ferrous sulfate tablets (p <0.018). CONCLUSIONS: IDA treatment in patients with T2DM can significantly reduce the BG and IR levels. To better control BG, checking iron status and its correction may provide better clinical outcomes in these patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT20170215032587N3.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Oral Magnesium with Oral Ketorolac for Postoperative Pain Management in Anorectal Surgery: A Double-blinded Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Due to the presence of postoperative pain in patients undergoing anorectal surgery, and since the pain affects the quality of life of patients, we aimed to compare the analgesic effectiveness of oral magnesium with oral ketorolac to choose the right analgesic drug for these patients. METHODS: This study was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial performed on 104 candidates undergoing anorectal surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 received oral magnesium (250 mg daily), and group 2 received oral ketorolac (10 mg daily). The medicine was given to the patient 2 hours after the operation and every 12 hours for 10 days. Pain measurements were recorded at 24-hour intervals after surgery based on the visual analog scale and numerical rating scale. RESULTS: This study found that postoperative pain was reduced in patients taking magnesium tablets, similar to the ketorolac group. A similar decreasing trend was observed in the group receiving ketorolac; however, the reduction was more pronounced in the magnesium group and was statistically significant on days 1, 3, and 5 (p < 0.001). However, insignificant differences were noted between the two groups on the seventh (p = 0.093) and tenth (p = 0.088) postoperative days. CONCLUSION: Taking magnesium tablets after surgery has a suitable analgesic effect, which is similar to oral ketorolac tablets from the fifth day onwards, but in the initial days, it is less effective than ketorolac statistically.

Comparison of the Effects of Govarcin Herbal Capsule and Metoclopramide for Alleviating Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is felt as a discomfort or pain on the center line or upper abdomen. In this study, we investigated the effect of Govarcin herbal capsule on FD so that if it is effective, it can be used in the treatment of patients with this disease. METHODS: Totally, 106 patients enrolled in a double-blind, clinical trial study. The participants had FD and were divided into two groups receiving Govarcin and Metoclopramide by block randomization. The patients were treated for four weeks, taking one Govarcin capsule or Metoclopramide tablet after each meal. The rate of improvement in patients was assessed by mitigation of clinical symptoms, including epigastric pain, fullness, discomfort, nausea, vomiting and heartburn. Also, before and after intervention, we used Nepin questionnaire and ROME III. SPSS statistics 25 software was used for data analyzing. RESULTS: Clinical symptom score changes between Govarcin and Metoclopramide patients' groups showed that there was no significant difference in any of the clinical symptom scores (except for heartburn, p-vale=0.012) between the study groups. Nepean score in Govarcin group before and after treatment was 19.3±4.8 and 8.9±2.8, respectively (p-value<0.001). For Metoclopramide group, these values were 19.8±3.5 and 9.4±2.1 respectively (p-value<0.001). No significant difference was found in terms of Nepean score between the Govarcin and Metoclopramide groups (p-value=0.995). CONCLUSION: Govarcin herbal capsule can be used to remedy symptoms in patients with FD. It seems that Guarcin is as effective as metoclopramide in fighting symptoms of FD as no significant difference in efficacy has been demonstrated between them.

Effects of Pregabalin as a Neural Pathway Inhibitor for the Treatment of Resistant Subacute and Chronic Cough: A Pilot Clinical Trials Study.

BACKGROUND: Cough hypersensitivity syndrome is one of the causes of chronic cough. Small clinical trials have suggested the effects of pregabalin as a neural pathway inhibitor in treating subacute and chronic cough resistance. METHODS: This study is an 8-week, pilot study randomized, double-blind clinical trial on 30 patients' resistant to treatment of the underlying cause who were referred to an ultra-specialized lung clinic, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, between 2021-2022. The samples were randomly divided into control (dextromethorphan and placebo) and intervention (dextromethorphan and pregabalin). Patients were evaluated at the beginning, during, and after eight weeks of treatment, using the modified standard Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) regarding the changes and the rate of recovery compared to before Participation in the study. FINDINGS: The quality of life score of patients eight weeks after treatment had a significant difference and was higher in the intervention group (In the pregabalin group) than in the control group (p =0.006). The recovery rate of cough in 26% of patients was equal to 70%, but others were reported up to 50%. CONCLUSION: Pregabalin increases the quality of life in patients with subacute and chronic cough resistant to standard treatment and increases the rate of recovery in these patients.

The effect of interferon in the therapy of severe coronavirus infection.

BACKGROUND: So far, several protocols have been used for the treatment of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we aimed to study the effect of interferon on the treatment of hypoxemia caused by COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a quasi-experiment with a nonequivalent group design. All participants were admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom province. In total, 60 patients were enrolled in the study, and inclusion criteria were age over 18 years, positive PCR test result, pulmonary involvement in computed tomography (CT) scan, and SpO2 level below 93%. Individuals were divided into two control (hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir [Kaletra]) and intervention (hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir [Kaletra] + interferon-ß 1a [recigen]) groups. The data were analyzed in Stata/SE 14.2 using Chi-square, t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of patients was 63 ± 16.12 years and 43.3% were male. In terms of outcome variables, 20% of patients in the intervention group and 53.3% of subjects in the control group died and this difference was significant (P = 0.007). According to the quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score, the severe cases were 16.7% in the intervention group and 50% in the control group (P = 0.006). In addition, the median days of hospitalization were 11.5 days-significantly higher than those in the control group (5.5 days) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, the use of interferon in the treatment of COVID-19 can improve health and reduce the severity of the disease and mortality.

Immunopathogenesis of viral infections in neurological autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune diseases develop due to self-tolerance failure in recognizing self and non-self-antigens. Several factors play a role in inducing autoimmunity, including genetic and environmental elements. Several studies demonstrated the causative role of viruses; however, some studies showed the preventive effect of viruses in the development of autoimmunity. Neurological autoimmune diseases are classified based on the targets of autoantibodies, which target intracellular or extracellular antigens rather than neurons. Several theories have been hypothesized to explain the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and autoimmune diseases. This study reviewed the current data on the immunopathogenesis of viruses in autoimmunity of the nervous system.

Discharge of Confirmed COVID-19 Patients Based on WHO or Regional Criteria? A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing the number of COVID-19 patients raises concerns about the capacity of the health care system. This issue emphasizes reducing the admission rate and expediting patient discharge. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a discharge protocol for COVID-19 patients based on the existing capacity of the healthcare system and to assess its post-discharge outcomes. METHODS: This is a multicenter cohort study. All COVID-19 patients referred to selected medical centers in Qom, Iran, from Feb. 19 to Apr. 19, 2020, were target populations. Eligible patients were classified into a) the criterion group and b) the non-criterion group. Patients were followed up daily for 14 days after discharge by phone, and the required data was gathered and recorded in follow-up form. Univariate (chi-square and t-tests) and multivariate multiple (multivariate probit regression) analysis were used. RESULTS: A total of 2775 patients were included in the study (1440 people in the criterion group and 1335 in the non-criterion group). Based on multivariate probit regression, death was statistically associated with discharge outside our criteria (p<0.001), rising age (p<0.001), and being male (p=0.019), and readmission were associated with discharge outside our criteria (p<0.001), rising age (p=0.009), and having the history of underlying diseases (p=0.003). Furthermore, remission had statistically significant associations with discharge based on our criteria (p<0.001), decreasing age (p=0.001), and lack of a history of underlying diseases (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Mortality and readmission were significantly lower according to our discharge criteria. Our designed criteria apply to less developed and developing countries due to the limited capacity and resources available in the health care system.

Choosing the Right Protocol to Establish MCF-7 Tumor Xenograft in Nude Mice.

BACKGROUND: Xenografts of various human cancers in nude mice provide a helpful model in cancer research. This study aimed to develop a xenograft mouse model of MCF-7 breast cancer using injectable estradiol valerate. METHODS: Thirty healthy female C57 nu/nu mice were engrafted with three protocols to establish an MCF-7 tumor. Injectable estradiol valerate (10 mg/ml) was used as a substitute for estradiol pellets. The development of tumors was recorded daily, and data were statistically analyzed. Histology of bladder, kidney, and tumors was used to estimate tumor establishment and probable urinary adverse effects. RESULTS: According to the findings, the duration of MCF-7 tumor growth was the lowest for protocol B (tumor tissue). Also, this protocol had the highest xenograft yield within the shortest time duration (37 days for protocol B vs. 73 days for protocol A) without causing urinary adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that estradiol valerate, which is way less expensive than estradiol pellets, can be used as a tumor proliferator to establish MCF-7 tumors with the highest yield when MCF-7 tumors have been used for xenograft.

Comparing the Sensitivity and Specificity of Lung CT-scan with RT-PCR for Diagnosis of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The lung is one of the major organs affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Lung CT scan and RT-PCR are the most valuable diagnostic methods in the early diagnosis and management of COVID-19. Due to the possible inconsistency of the false-negative results for the RT-PCR test, in our study, we aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of lung CT-scan as an accurate diagnostic method of COVID-19. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients suspected of COVID-19 and referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Qom city from February 26 to April 13, 2020, were enrolled. For a definitive diagnosis of COVID-19, chest CT scan and RT-PCR testing was performed for 644 patients, and both sensitivity and specificity of lung CT scan were evaluated. RESULTS: According to the findings, and comparing to the RT-PCR test as the gold standard, sensitivity, specificity as well as, positive predictive and negative predictive values of lung CT-scan were found as follow; 94.47% (95% CI: 90.73 - 97.02%), 24.71% (95% CI: 20.70 - 29.07%), 40.73% (95% CI: 36.58 - 44.99%), 89.08% (95% CI: 82.4 - 94.05%), respectively. CONCLUSION: According to the findings, the lung CT scan has a better diagnostic value than RTPCR in symptomatic patients who were referred to the hospital for COVID-19 diagnosis. Performing lung CT-scan in patients with negative RT-PCR tests should be assessed.

Patient-related post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) risk factors between two groups of patients: Prophylactic pancreatic stent and rectal indomethacin.

Background: Pancreatitis is one of the most crucial complications following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The purpose of the current study was to investigate patient-related post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) risk factors in two groups of patients: prophylactic pancreatic stent and rectal indomethacin. Methods: Two different prophylactic modalities were planned and complications were assessed based on the defined inclusion criteria. In this study, the patients were evaluated for the procedure and patient-related risk factors in post-ERCP pancreatitis in the recipient groups of the prophylactic pancreatic stent and rectal indomethacin. Results: Pancreatitis was confirmed in 27 of all 170 selected patients after ERCP. By univariate analysis, two variables were significant with the development of PEP. Regarding the patient-related risk factors, unique subjects with common bile duct (CBD) dilated 10mm were more exposed to an increased chance of PEP (P=0. 015); meanwhile, other factors did not correlate with the increased possibility of PEP in both groups. The only procedure-related risk factor for PEP was the deep cannulation of the pancreatic duct in both groups during the procedure with an incremental significant incidence of pancreatitis (P=0.005). Comparison of prophylactic pancreatic stent and rectal indomethacin showed no effects in term of post ERCP pancreatitis reduction. Additionally, there was no significant difference between these two strategies in the rate of PEP. Conclusion: Prophylactic pancreatic duct stents and administration of rectal indomethacin cannot have particular approaches for reducing the possible occurrence of PEP. The increase in time of deep cannulation and the presence of CBD dilation <10mm could be considered as important risk factors.

Various Aspects of Fasting on the Biodistribution of Radiopharmaceuticals.

It is demonstrated that fasting can alter the biodistribution of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine. Various studies have highlighted that fasting is interpreted to be easy for physicians during PET study, fasting is one of the most important factors determining the usefulness of this protocol. It is well documented that fasting can suppress normal 18F-FDG PET uptake during nuclear cardiology. However, there is no consensus about the usefulness of fasting on radiopharmaceuticals, especially on 18F-FDG in PET imaging, but special attention should be paid to the setting of the fasting duration. Nevertheless, it does seem we still need extensive clinical studies in the future. The present study aims to review the various aspects of fasting, especially metabolic alteration on radiopharmaceutical biodistribution. In this study, we focused more on the effect of fasting on 18F-FDG biodistribution, which alters its imaging contrast in cardiology and cancer imaging. Therefore, shifting substrate metabolism from glucose to free fatty acids during fasting can be an alternative approach to suppress physiological myocardial uptake.

Investigation of Durability of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM Antibodies in Recovered COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Study.

Background: Evidence on seroconversion profile of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected patients is limited. We mainly aimed to evaluate seroconversion and persistence of virus-specific antibodies in patients infected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 118 patients with COVID-19 presentations admitted to three hospitals in Iran and recovered from the disease, during April and May 2020. Presence of COVID-19 was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing on nasopharyngeal swabs. Serum samples were collected at different time points, including 0-5, 6-15, 16-25, 26-35, and 36-95 days of clinical symptom onset. For measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgM antibody titers, Iran's Food and Drug Administration-approved SARS-CoV-2 ELISA kits were used. Results: Serologic assay revealed that 37.3% of patients (n=44) were positive for IgM at 0-5 days interval after clinical symptom onset. This rate was 60.2% (n=71) for IgG. There were increasing IgM and IgG seroconversion rates during first 25 days of clinical symptom onset, but seropositivity started to decrease thereafter, which was more evident for IgM (17.9%) than IgG (58.9%) at the 36-95 days post symptoms appearance. In other words, it was found that 83.6% of IgM-positive and 32.9% of IgG-positive patients in the first month of clinical symptom onset became seronegative in the third month of clinical symptom onset. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection were developed in recovered COVID-19 patients; however, some of them were seronegative three months after onset of relevant symptoms. Furthermore, the stability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could also correct our expectations from COVID-19 vaccination responses.

Comparison of the Sedative Effect of Ketamine, Magnesium Sulfate, and Propofol in Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND: Endoscopy provides valuable diagnostic information and intervention therapies for gastroenterologists. Therefore, various drugs have been used to induce sedation in patients undergoing endoscopy, whereas none have been considered preferred by endoscopists. In the current study, we decided to use the combination of magnesium sulfate, ketamine, and their synergistic effects for creating partial analgesia to increase the satisfaction of endoscopists and patients. METHODS: This study is a Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial that investigates the sedative effect of ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and propofol in endoscopy. Patients were selected from individuals over 12 years old and with American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) physical status I or II. The study was performed on 210 patients classified as ASA (I have no underlying disease) or II (with underlying controlled disease). The whole group was relieved of pain through sedation according to Ramsay criteria, satisfaction with the operation, duration, recovery, nausea and vomiting, hypotension, and decreased oxygen saturation were compared. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients were enrolled in our study, including 51 patients (midazolam and propofol), 55 patients (midazolam and ketamine), and 49 patients (midazolam and ketamine and magnesium). The results showed that preoperative heart rate, intraoperative systolic blood pressure, intraoperative diastolic blood pressure, postoperative heart rate, postoperative systolic blood pressure, and postoperative heart rate were significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: The satisfaction of the endoscopic was achieved to a great extent, mainly in the group receiving midazolam and propofol and in the group receiving midazolam and ketamine. In most cases, the satisfaction of the endoscopic was acceptable, and the low satisfaction of the endoscopic was more in the group receiving midazolam. Ketamine and magnesium were observed. The two compounds midazolam-ketamine, and midazolam-propofol, have a more favorable effect than the combination of midazolam, ketamine, and magnesium.

Uncommon cause of respiratory failure due to a bezoar in the hypopharynx: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Trichotillomania and trichophagia cause trichobezoars, which are masses made of hair. The main presentation of this condition is abdominal pain. However, other complications include gastric outlet obstruction, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, malnutrition, hematemesis, diarrhea, and constipation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 57-year-old woman with trichotillomania was admitted to the Emergency Department with the chief complaints of dyspnea on exertion, shortness of breath, dysphagia, generalized weakness, and hoarseness. Spiral chest computed tomography (CT) scan did not reveal any parenchymal lesions Pulmonary CT angiography did not reveal pulmonary embolism. The patient was admitted to the Surgery Department for hand fasciotomy due to contrast leakage, and during laryngoscopy, a trichobezoar was detected that was removed with Magill forceps. CONCLUSIONS: Rare cases of trichobezoars can be observed in humans with gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms. Precise and timely diagnosis are key for the prevention of more invasive diagnostic procedures.

The effects of Sorafenib and Natural killer cell co-injection in combinational treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma; an in vivo approach.

BACKGROUND: Natural killer cells (NKC) and Sorafenib (Sor) are two important agents for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Over the past decade, the interaction of Sor and NKC against HCC has been widely challenging. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of NKC & Sor for the treatment of HCC in vivo. METHODS: Subcutaneous xenograft models of HCC were established in nude mice. For safety assessment of treatment, the kidney and liver functions were analyzed. Paraffin embedded tumor sections were histopathologically studied and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests were done to evaluate the angiogenesis (CD34) and proliferation (Ki67) indexes. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to identify the tumor cells undergoing apoptosis. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and expression levels of major inflammatory cytokines and cytoplasmic granules in xenograft HCC were quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS: NKC & Sor significantly inhibited necrosis and apoptosis in tumor cells and increased angiogenesis and proliferation of HCC compared to the monotherapy of NKC or Sor alone. The serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ as well as the expression levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, interleukins (ILs)-1, 6, 10, granzyme-B and perforin in the xenograft HCC tissues of the treated mice with NKC & Sor were significantly lower than those of treated with NKC or Sor alone. CONCLUSION: Therapy with the specific dosage of NKC & Sor could not inhibit the HCC xenograft growth rate through a synergistic effect in a mouse model of HCC.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a global pandemic. Since its start, widespread safety measures have been adopted by nations worldwide. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis are two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a common inflammatory illness with a high worldwide incidence. Its clinical symptoms include stomach discomfort, diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss. Genetics, microbes, cigarette smoking, appendectomy, lack of personal hygiene, using anti-inflammatory agents, vitamin D deficiency, and stress are the main risk factors for IBD. COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns about the exacerbation of COVID clinical manifestations in patients with IBD and increasing the risk of mortality. During COVID-19 pandemic, intestinal inflammation, and promoting adherence need to be controlled using medications and vaccinations as a primary goal. In this review, we reviewed unique concerns about IBD risk in the population as well as management of the disease, and the effectiveness of vaccination during COVID-19 pandemic.

Gastrointestinal and Pancratohepatobiliary Cancers: A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology and Risk Factors Worldwide.

A significant number of cancer cases are afflicted by gastrointestinal cancers annually. Lifestyle and nutrition have a huge effect on gastrointestinal function, and unhealthy habits have become quite widespread in recent decades, culminating in the rapid growth of gastrointestinal cancers. The most prevalent cancers are lip and mouth cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver and bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. Risk factors such as red meat consumption, alcohol consumption, tea, rice, viruses such as Helicobacter pylori and Ebstein Bar Virus (EBV), along with reduced physical activity, predispose the gastrointestinal tract to damage and cause cancer. According to the rapid increase of cancer incidence and late diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancies, further epidemiological researches remain necessary in order to make appropriate population-based preventive policies. In this study, we reviewed clinical symptoms, risk factors, preventative measures, as well as incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal malignancies worldwide with focus on Iranian population.